{"id":175,"date":"2023-09-07T19:39:44","date_gmt":"2023-09-07T23:39:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/?p=175"},"modified":"2023-09-07T19:46:05","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T23:46:05","slug":"occams-razor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/occams-razor\/","title":{"rendered":"Guide to Occam\u2019s Razor | Definition and Example"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Occam\u2019s razor<\/em><\/strong>, also known as the\u00a0<em>law of parsimony<\/em>, is a principle that is intended to simplify the decision-making process in certain circumstances. It\u2019s a type of mental model, meaning a particular way to think about a complex issue in order to make it easier to solve.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the term \u201crazor\u201d refers to a philosophical tool that helps shave off unlikely explanations and makes decision-making more effective in a given situation.\u00a0<em>Occam\u2019s razor<\/em>\u00a0is probably the most common one, but there are a number of others, such as\u00a0<em>Hanlon\u2019s razor<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/occams-razor\/#Occams_razor_definition\" >Occam\u2019s razor definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/occams-razor\/#Occams_razor_example\" >Occam\u2019s razor example<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/occams-razor\/#Occams_razor_limitations\" >Occam\u2019s razor limitations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/occams-razor\/#Occams_razor_origin\" >Occam\u2019s razor origin<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Occams_razor_definition\"><\/span>Occam\u2019s razor definition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><em>Occam\u2019s razor<\/em>\u00a0states that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Entities should not be multiplied without necessity.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Depending on the source, this is also expressed as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In other words, it essentially says that simpler explanations should be preferred over their more complex alternatives.<\/p>\n<p>It suggests that, instead of making issues excessively complicated, we should prune off excess assumptions and concentrate on the solutions that are controllable and evidently more likely to work. Or, at least, if you already have something that works, don\u2019t try to make it more complex without very good reasons.<\/p>\n<p>It can be employed as a guiding principle in a range of circumstances where one needs to make the most efficient decision while lacking empirical evidence.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Occams_razor_example\"><\/span>Occam\u2019s razor example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A good example of the principle comes from the field of medicine. In today\u2019s treatment of patients, doctors are advised to narrow down the likely causes to the smallest possible number and always prefer the most likely options.<\/p>\n<p>This means, for example, that if a patient is showing all the symptoms of a common cold, it is more reasonable to assume that they are suffering from a common cold than from something similar but less common illness (even though it may be reasonable or necessary to examine other options too).<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Occams_razor_limitations\"><\/span>Occam\u2019s razor limitations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-180\" src=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Occams-Razor-Limitation-1024x538.jpg\" alt=\"Occam\u2019s Razor Limitation - road leading to mist - fallaciesoflogic.com\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Occams-Razor-Limitation-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Occams-Razor-Limitation-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Occams-Razor-Limitation-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Occams-Razor-Limitation.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There are limitations to\u00a0<em>Occam\u2019s razor<\/em>, just like to any other philosophical razor or mental model. Thus, it should always be applied with appropriate care.<\/p>\n<p>Firstly, note that it doesn\u2019t claim\u00a0that the simplest answer is\u00a0<em>necessarily<\/em>\u00a0the correct one. Instead, it suggests that in a case where there are two or more competing solutions to a problem, the safest bet is often the one with fewer assumptions.<\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, this principle should not be applied when it goes against logic and facts; if the evidence clearly points in a different direction, it would be unreasonable to dismiss it in favor of the simpler explanation. As such, the razor should be regarded as a useful tool for making effective decisions in a given situation, not as a substitution for the whole process of reaching the correct conclusion based on facts and sound reasoning.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Occams_razor_origin\"><\/span>Occam\u2019s razor origin<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><em>Occam\u2019s razor<\/em>\u00a0is attributed to William of Ockham, a 14th-century scholar, who stated:\u00a0<em>pluralistas non est ponenda sine necessitate<\/em>. Translated to English, this means \u201cplurality should not be posited without necessity.\u201d He employed it, for instance, to justify the conclusion that \u201cGod\u2019s existence cannot be deduced by reason alone.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Although the razor is dubbed after William, he was not the first person to use or write about it. In fact, it has been stated, in its various but closely related forms, by several people in different stages of history.<\/p>\n<p>Aristotle (384 \u2013 322 BC), one of the best-known philosophers of all time, touched on it when he wrote in his\u00a0<em>Posterior Analytics<\/em>\u00a0that \u201cwe may assume the superiority, other things being equal, of the demonstration which derives from fewer postulates or hypotheses\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Claudius Ptolemy\u00a0(90\u00a0\u2013 168\u00a0AD), a philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer, also stated \u201cwe consider it a good principle to explain the phenomena by the simplest hypothesis available.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, theologian and philosopher Durandus of Saint-Pourcain (1275 \u2013 1334) used it to explain how abstraction results from the fear of some real entity.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Additional reading (about Occam&#8217;s razor):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/display\/book\/edcoll\/9789047429104\/Bej.9789004175662.i-526_019.xml\">Intuition, Abstraction And The Possibility Of A Science Of God<\/a>: Durandus Of St. \u2013 Pour\u00e7ain, Gerard Of Bologna And William Of Ockham-Brill<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/math.ucr.edu\/home\/baez\/physics\/General\/occam.html\">What is Occam\u2019s Razor?<\/a> \u2013 UCR Math<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/simplicity\/\">Simplicity<\/a> \u2013 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Occam\u2019s razor, also known as the\u00a0law of parsimony, is a principle that is intended to simplify the decision-making process in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[41,42,39,40],"class_list":["post-175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mental-models","tag-occam-razor-definition","tag-occam-razor-example","tag-occams-razor","tag-razor-of-occam"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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