{"id":51,"date":"2023-09-01T17:55:53","date_gmt":"2023-09-01T21:55:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/?p=51"},"modified":"2023-09-06T20:12:18","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T00:12:18","slug":"appeal-to-authority-fallacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Appeal to Authority Fallacy: When and How Is It Wrong to Rely on Experts?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The\u00a0<strong>appeal to authority<\/strong> fallacy, also known as an\u00a0argument from authority, is a type of\u00a0logical fallacy\u00a0that refers to the different ways of fallaciously using the statements or opinions of authority figures in order to support a conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, someone may assume that something must be true if a so-called expert believes it to be true, and no other evidence is needed.<\/p>\n<p>This flawed line of reasoning is important to understand as it is commonly used in many different domains and types of discussions, both online and offline. In this article, we\u2019ll explain in detail how the fallacy and some of its sub-fallacies work, as well as when an argument from authority is legitimate.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_79 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#What_is_the_appeal_to_authority\" >What is the appeal to authority?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#Category\" >Category<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#Legitimate_arguments_from_authority\" >Legitimate arguments from authority<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#Fallacious_appeals_to_authority\" >Fallacious appeals to authority<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#Appeal_to_false_authority\" >Appeal to false authority<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#Against_the_consensus\" >Against the consensus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#Ipse_dixit\" >Ipse dixit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/de\/appeal-to-authority-fallacy\/#Appeal_to_unnamed_authorities\" >Appeal to unnamed authorities<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_appeal_to_authority\"><\/span>What is the appeal to authority?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>As stated above, the\u00a0appeal to authority fallacy\u00a0occurs when one misuses the testimonies of perceived authorities in an attempt to back up a certain claim or position.<\/p>\n<p>There are a number of ways this can occur. One way, which is likely the most common type of this fallacy, works by relying upon the testimonies of irrelevant or poor experts. This is known as the\u00a0<strong>appeal to false authority<\/strong>. A simple example would be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cAlbert Einstein, one of the smartest people ever, said that the best and healthiest breakfast is bacon and eggs, so it must be true.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Einstein was undoubtedly smart, but he is not an authoritative source on what is a healthy breakfast: his area of expertise was in a completely different field.<\/p>\n<p>Another faulty\u00a0argument from authority\u00a0would be when someone asserts that climate change cannot be real because one environmental scientist, who has been studying climate change, says it is not real. This testimony from an authority, in this case, doesn\u2019t provide strong inductive support for the conclusion since the scientific consensus (<a href=\"https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/scientific-consensus\/\">97% of climate scientists<\/a>) agrees that climate change is real, and is likely caused by human activities.<\/p>\n<p>Note that, although arguments from authority can be fallacious, they can also be completely reasonable and non-fallacious. Thus, it\u2019s important to understand the differences: we shouldn\u2019t dismiss the statements of valid authorities or the scientific consensus on false grounds. More of this soon.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Category\"><\/span>Category<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This particular fallacy is an\u00a0informal fallacy\u00a0and belongs to their sub-category of\u00a0fallacies of relevance. Even more specifically, it is seen as a type of\u00a0genetic fallacy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Informal fallacies <\/strong>refer to arguments containing weak, irrelevant, or false evidence that weakens the conclusion or renders it incorrect. They stem from an error in<br \/>\nreasoning rather than an error in the argument\u2019s logical structure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fallacies of relevance <\/strong>occur when the evidence is not relevant to the conclusion, and thus doesn\u2019t provide adequate reasons to believe that the conclusion is truthful.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Genetic fallac<\/strong><strong>y <\/strong>occurs when a claim is judged solely because of its source, rather than on the merits of the claim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legitimate_arguments_from_authority\"><\/span>Legitimate arguments from authority<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-84\" src=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy2-1024x538.jpg\" alt=\"Appeal to Authority Fallacy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy2-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy2-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy2-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Making a claim based on the opinions of experts is by no means always unreasonable or fallacious. In many issues, we have to rely upon the testimonies of relevant experts and scientific consensus \u2013 that is, the collective position of the scientists in a particular field of study.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, for someone who is not a medical professional, it\u2019s a better option to seek a medical expert\u2019s advice about their medical issues than do what they themselves believe to be correct.<\/p>\n<p>Relevant experts can provide us with strong reasons to believe that something is true due to their experience, training, knowledge, and access to more information. They are able to evaluate information better and put more compelling evidence and arguments together than a non-expert could. Consequently, when someone makes a claim that is in accordance with the views of the experts, it\u2019s also supported by all the evidence the experts are relying upon.<\/p>\n<p>As such, there are certain requirements that should be met for an\u00a0argument from authority\u00a0to be legitimate:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The authority is an acknowledged expert in the field under consideration.<\/li>\n<li>The statement of the authority is relevant to their field of expertise.<\/li>\n<li>There is a general agreement among experts in the field under consideration.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>However, note that even the views of valid experts cannot\u00a0guarantee\u00a0that something is true; in terms of logic and argumentation, even experts can be wrong and their testimonies can only suggest that something is\u00a0likely\u00a0to be true, not that it is\u00a0necessarily\u00a0true. As Alfred Sidgwick, a British logician,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/fallaciesaviewl01sidggoog\/page\/n341\/mode\/2up\">wrote\u00a0in his\u00a0Fallacies<\/a>: A View of Logic from the Practical Side:<\/p>\n<p>A man may have all the wisdom and learning of an Aristotle, and yet be quite mistaken on a given point. The recognition of this fact tends to make us value conclusions more on their merits and less on the merits of those who advance them.<\/p>\n<p>Fallacies: A View of Logic from the Practical Side (1883) by Alfred Sidgwick.<\/p>\n<p>Keep in mind that\u00a0appeals to authority\u00a0deal with inductive arguments, meaning arguments that are meant to provide strong enough evidence to support a\u00a0probable\u00a0truth of the conclusion. As such, the logical form of a non-fallacious\u00a0argument from authority\u00a0would be:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Authorities on a certain issue are usually correct.<\/li>\n<li>Authorities on the issue have a general agreement that X is correct.<\/li>\n<li>X is likely correct.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fallacious_appeals_to_authority\"><\/span>Fallacious appeals to authority<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-85\" src=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy3-1024x538.jpg\" alt=\"Appeal to Authority Fallacy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy3-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy3-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy3-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fallaciesoflogic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Appeal-to-Authority-Fallacy3.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Generally, a fallacious\u00a0<em>appeal to authority<\/em>\u00a0is one that fails to meet the requirements of a legitimate one: the authority is not a real expert in the relevant area of knowledge, their statement is not concerned with the actual issue, or their views go against the general agreement among experts in that field of study.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at various ways this fallacy may occur.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Appeal_to_false_authority\"><\/span>Appeal to false authority<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This is likely the most common way of erroneously citing (supposed) experts. It occurs when someone uses the words of poor or irrelevant authorities as evidence for a claim. In such a case, the authorities are unqualified or their expertise is not relevant to the argument being made.<\/p>\n<p>A typical example of this fallacy would be almost any celebrity endorsement in advertising.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Against_the_consensus\"><\/span>Against the consensus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When an expert\u2019s views are contradictory to the consensus (or general agreement) within a field of study, their testimony can only provide weak evidence.<\/p>\n<p>As seen in the example earlier, if 97% of climate scientists say that climate change is real, it is unreasonable to make a conclusion based on the beliefs of the 3% who disagree.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ipse_dixit\"><\/span>Ipse dixit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><em>Ipse dixit<\/em>, which is Latin for \u201che himself said it\u201d, is a term that refers to a situation where someone fallaciously uses themselves as an authority in an attempt to prove that something is true.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a patient asserts that their doctor\u2019s opinion about their condition is wrong since \u201cit is their body, so they must know better than doctors\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Appeal_to_unnamed_authorities\"><\/span>Appeal to unnamed authorities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It\u2019s fallacious to make a claim based on authorities\u2019 opinions that cannot be verified. This type of claim often appeals vaguely to some unnamed experts.<\/p>\n<p>For example, someone claims that \u201cmost dentists say toothbrush X is the best kind of toothbrush for you, so it must be true\u201d. If this is the only proof they offer, and we are unable to verify if it\u2019s actually correct, we don\u2019t have real reasons to believe it\u2019s truthfulness.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Additional reading (about appeal to authority fallacy):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/299822545_Argument_from_Authority\">ResearchGate \u2013 Argument from Authority<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1008394704101\">Appeal to Expert Opinion \u2013 Arguments from Authority<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/philosophy.lander.edu\/logic\/authority.html\">Argumentum ad Verecundiam (Argument from Authority)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www3.dbu.edu\/naugle\/pdf\/2302_handouts\/fallacies_relevance.pdf\">Fallacies of Relevance \u2013 PDF<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The\u00a0appeal to authority fallacy, also known as an\u00a0argument from authority, is a type of\u00a0logical fallacy\u00a0that refers to the different ways<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":67,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[18,19,20],"class_list":["post-51","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-logical-fallacies","tag-appeal-to-authority","tag-appeal-to-authority-fallacy","tag-appealing-to-authority"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Appeal to Authority Fallacy: When and How Is It Wrong to Rely on Experts? - Fallacies Of Logic<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Appeal to Authority Fallacy - learn what it is. 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